Buckthorn is a medium size nonnative shrub species that has been introduced to many wooded areas in Minnesota. It grows rapidly and produces many berries with seeds. Buckthorn blocks light, and crowds out many native plant species, It interferes with habitat and nesting sites for many small animals. This is an example of...
a. random dispersion pattern
b. an abiotic factor having a negative effect of the community in an ecosystem
c. an unintended consequence of adding an organism to an ecosystem
d. the introduction of a species that has added to the health of and diversity of an ecosystem